The Role Of The Church In Medieval Society Essays - Middle Ages

The Role Of The Church In Medieval Society The medieval period was at the very best a down period for civilization. Though not completely without advancement or good points, the period certainly lacked the credibility that other periods of time held in terms of enhancing the overall good of mankind. The Christian church, was certainly a primary force in the lack of success during this period. Owning almost ninety percent of all land, and ruling over the majority of the population with little compassion, the church, and the related nobility did little to quell social problems, and even less to foster learning and intellectuality. As a result, the church was responsible for the majority, if not all of the problems that arose during the medieval period. Evidence of the medieval period being very bad for man can be seen throughout many aspects of medieval society. Take for instance, the level of intellectual thinking during the period. Something, which flourished during the rise of the Roman Empire, but seemed to fall off the face of the earth after its collapse. The problems lied in the church, as the only people trained to read and write properly were monks and high officials of the church, who were locked away behind the walls of the church. Essentially the church limited intellectuality to those who it felt it could trust. If a peasant were to think for himself, thought the church, who knows what could happen to the hierarchy that we cherish. The lack of intelligence among the peasants was clear. Take for instance, the mapping system of the period. Though accurate maps were available, the church put out maps that were not accurate, and told the public they were true. And the public believed. There was however some advancement in technology, but most of it can be linked directly to the church. An example of this was in the area of architecture, where medieval architects took the art of cathedral building to a new level. Though not as stunning a jump as there was during the renaissance period in terms of architecture, some credit must be given to the middle ages as far as its ability to build cathedrals, as many still stand today. Similarly, tools, which became mainstays during the middle ages are still used today, and must thus be recognized as advancements for the middle ages. One example is the Lewis, which was a common masonry tool that has not changed from its medieval form at all even in the current day. Thus, while the Middle Ages were a mostly stagnant time in terms of technology and intellectual thinking, there was some advancement, though clearly linked to the church serving personal gains. Like the repression of technology and intellectual thinking, the hypocrisy of the Christian church also stood out during this period. Church officials were hypocritical about many things, which lead to an unbalanced unfair society, something that is never good for mankind. For example, while the church felt that everyone should be a member and worship Christ, it limited its officials to only those who could afford to buy themselves into a proper office. Likewise, the church spoke out vocally against taking advantage of people for personal gain, and yet, the church was probably the guiltiest party with regard to this during the medieval period. Claiming that a place in heaven can be assured by a monetary donation, or penance received by going to the middle east to kill Muslims for a holy war seems to at best stretch the beliefs of Christianity. Yet, the church took advantage of its power and in doing so showed its hypocritical tendencies. Thus, it was clear that there was much hypocri sy from the church during this time period. As a result of a clearly church dominated society, the level of economic growth was stopped. While there was some movement from one official to the next, it was very hard, if not impossible for one person to gain a foothold in society. Very often, the church owned everything, save what the nobility had protected via military force. As one can guess this is not conducive to a particularly stellar economic record, as this type of lack of movement

Immigrants Essays - Californios, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Racism

Immigrants Essays - Californios, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Racism Immigrants Have you ever seen anything in your life that just seemed to good to be true? Have you ever saw something at a restaurant menu that looked like "a double dose of all that" but it turned out to be "toe up from the floe up". The point that I am trying to reach is that western expansion was not good for America. The reason why I say this is because a lot of people got caught up in the western myth. The western myth is a belief that all will profit, all would be equal, and all will be free. Hays Jackson states that "Chinese immigrants started arriving in the United States around the late 1840s and early 1850s." In his article Paper Sons, he states "for many Chinese, however the United States was the Mountain of Gold". Basically Chinese immigrants came looking for a better life but what they found themselves taken advantage of, discrimination, hatred, and abuse. One of the ways that they legally got discriminated was the Exclusion Acts. The Exclusion Acts were laws saying those of Chinese descent were not welcome in to the United States unless you were educated a merchant or a son of a US citizen. Mariano Vallejo is just one of the many people who got caught into the Western Myth. To make a long story short, Vallejo was this man who owned a lot of land and property. After the gold rush he had nothing. How did he lose it all? The same way the Native Americans did. Land hungry settlers came upon his lands like roaches come to a dirty kitchen and Mariano Vallejo was raid-less. Mr. Vallejo life represents the life of many Mexican and Mexican Americans. Even though Mexican and Mexican Americans accepted the settlers, their new country treated them like foreigners. By the end of the 1800s the Mexican and Mexican American found themselves a minority with little or no power and occupying the lowest rungs of the economic ladder. The author Scott Minerbook says that "Blacks viewed the west as a land of promise both economically and racially even though most came to the west as slaves". In the story The Forgotten Pioneers the Author talks about how Black towns were suppose to be set up. Minorbook says " Among the most prominent all black towns was Nicodemus Kan., established in1877 by a White speculator and his Black partner. As was often the case during the settling of west , Black pioneers were promised fertile fields abundant water shady trees and plenty of game by the alluring avartisement . Instead arriving Blacks found that the best farmlands surrounding the city had already been taken by whites. There were no trees and the game was scarce." In other words Whites said "Hmmm we already have the nice land for ourselves lets give the not so nice area to the Blacks. We can tell them the land is just like ours and make a profit!"Also the Article says "Nicodemus lost a competition for a railroad statio n that would have tied it into the larger regional economy and went into an economical decline. But the Legacy of racism played a role; Jim Crow laws barred Blacks from voting and hampers Black laborers. Four Black people were lynched in a town in Oklahoma in 1910" Just another example of the western myth. All was not free all was not rich and all was not equal. Western expansion was not good for America. On the good side you had more land more money and who doesn't want that. One the bad side you had racism, discrimination hatred and distrust. But to get this land and wealth, was it necessary to steal it from Native, Mexican, Native Americans and Mexican Americans? Was it necessary to make laws to keep other people from getting their share of the pie?

Research Paper about expensive college tuition Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About expensive college tuition - Research Paper Example Recent studies indicate that there are impacts of high tuition fees on enrollment of students to higher education. The most affected students are from the low- and middle-income families. Studies indicate that almost 60 percent of students from low-income families in United States are less likely to enroll in colleges than those from affluent families. Studies carried out in California and Los Angeles established that every increment of tuition fees by $1000 results to a 16% decline in student enrolment (Jackson & Weathersby 631). Therefore, an increase in tuition fees and decrease in student enrolment forms the basis of this paper. This paper will target colleges and students as the primary audiences. In this regard, this paper will discover the relationship between tuition fees and student enrolment in United States by answering the question â€Å"is student enrolment responsive to increment in tuition fees?† An examination of studies carried out in the past five years indicates that the effects of tuition fees increment have been a contagious issue among scholars. Evidence to support the responsiveness of students towards tuition fee prices will be supported through a review of three studies by Jackson and Weathersby (623-652), Heller (624-659) and Leslie and Brinkman (50-65). These studies will be used to support this research because of their broad range of research methodologies, broad student sample and their time variations. Given these distinctions, these articles replicate numerous accepted tenets. These studies hold that higher education is similar to other goods and services in the market and, therefore, the law of demand applies. This implies that an increase in its price will result to a decrease in its demand and thus low student enrolment. Additionally, these studies hold that the tuition price changes have distinct effects on students. For instance, a $2000 increment in tuition fees probably has distinct effects on different

Explain agency law and its significance in the business environment Essay - 1

Explain agency law and its significance in the business environment - Essay Example â€Å"The principal will therefore be liable not only for the acts of his agent that falls within the scope of actual authority but also the agents’ ostensible authority† (Liability in Agency Relationships). In the performance of their duty, agents have a duty to act with due diligence and skill, for instance if an agent is employed to sell, he has a duty to obtain the best price that is reasonably obtainable. It is then that the principal is liable for the acts of agents. A principal is liable depending on whether the agent discloses him in the contract or not. The case above can therefore be dealt with best by analyzing these different scenarios. In this scenario, the agent incurs neither liability nor rights under the contract. Lord Denning MR in Phonogram Ltd v Lane stated, â€Å"The general principle is, of course, that a person who makes a contract ostensibly as an agent cannot afterwards sue or be sued upon it† (Baker, 2006). In this regard, the third party is aware that the agent is acting on behalf of someone but that person is unknown to him. This is evident in Felipe’s case above, where Felipe knew that Delilah was acting on behalf of someone but not known to him. The third party may sue either the principal or the agent; this is known as the principal of election. The third party my on the alternative sue both the principal and agent, this is called a merge. In this case, the third party is totally unaware of the principal-agent relationship. The principal in this case can intervene and claim under the contract. In doing so, he renders himself liable to third parties. Third party having discovered this may elect or merge both the principal and agent. â€Å"An agent cannot bind the principal where the person with whom the agent contracts know that the agent is engaged in self-dealing or has adverse interest† (Miller, 2011). This is the case with Giorgio in the case in question who did

Implementation of strategy power politcal Annotated Bibliography

Implementation of strategy power politcal - Annotated Bibliography Example Middle managers are even known to form coalition groups if it increases their leverage. In such a situation it is imperative to recognize the importance of middle management support. We can use political tools such as equanimity and satisficing to encourage commitment. Reducing management resistance can be accomplished through inducement, persuasion, obligation and coercion. Upper management can realize that middle level managers may be right in their assumption that the organization cannot achieve the plan. Where confidence is lacking, upper management can provide the impetus through training and reward inducement. In cases of hard sell, coercion and appeal to obligation might be necessary. Not heeding the interests of middle management only works to the organization’s detriment. Middle management can sabotage, delay or reduce the quality of the implementation of a new project that does not serve their self interests. The author states that failure to implement MIS changes in an organization may be due to internal factors, poor system design or interaction of specific features of the new design with the present organizational system. It is therefore important to get top management support and user involvement in the design process, make technically sound systems that are user friendly as well, overcome resistance to change and show how the benefits of the new system would outweigh the costs. The author uses Kling’s six distinct theoretical perspectives of Rational, Structural, Inter-actionist, Organizational Politics, and Class Politics. While the first three have been classified under Systems Rationalism, the last three come under Segmented Institutionalism. As regards types of resistance, they can be classified into People Determined Factors and System Determined Factors. However, though a pragmatic application of Interaction theory, many of the causes can be addressed successfully. Inte racting with

Obesity in Bahrain

Obesity in Bahrain The current situation Currently in Bahrain, the things that aid obesity are more than a few things. For example, there are more than ample amounts fast food and cafeterias that are open throughout the day, most of which are open until the early hours of the mornings. Staying up to the early hours of the morning is a past time for teenagers and university students, mainly those who don’t have jobs; this also stimulates the fast food markets since people tend to get hungry around the clock. These people will then tend to eat this kind of fast food very late, and sometimes, directly before going to sleep. Another huge problem is the consumption of soft drinks such as Coca-cola or Pepsi. The younger generation often drinks soft drinks as often the Japanese drink tea. This is a major problem as the soft drinks contain a massive amount of sugar. Now this wouldn’t be as huge of a problem if these weren’t so refreshing, especially in our region where the heat is incredible. The heat itself pushes people to dehydration more than other parts of the world, and many people tend to drink soft drinks to hydrate. One more problem that we face in Bahrain is that we have many hereditary diseases. Most common are diabetes, high-blood pressure, and heart disease. What further increases the problem in the country is the fact that people are only active if they do a sport, as traversing is a huge problem without a car. So unlikely many other countries, you would usually do some walking at a given part of the day, but in Bahrain, or the gulf region for that matter, people tend to use their cars even for short trips due to the heat. What enforces each and every problem at the end of the day, is the lack of awareness on what obesity really is, even though it is known that there comes diseases with obesity, there no true highlights of what is the true nature of obesity. Population As per the data provided by the â€Å"Central Informatics Organization† (CIO) of Bahrain, The population stands at 1,195,020 people, of which 62% are male, and the remaining 38% are female. The amount of expatriates in Bahrain is massive; the Non-Bahraini’s currently residing in Bahrain stand at 610,332 people, accounting for approximately 51% of the total population. The Bahraini’s residing in the country account for approximately 49%, and the male to female ratio is approximately on equal footing (Male: 295,878. Female: 288,810). Education Education in Bahrain at pre university level is available for free. As of 2010, the literacy rate in Bahrain exceeded 94%. In 2012, Bahrain was recorded to have spent 2.6% equivalent of its GDP on education alone, this equated to approximately 9% of total government expenditure. As of 2013, Bahrain has a total of 206 government schools of levels ranging from the primary level to the high school level, as well as, religious institutions. This data of course doesn’t take into consideration the number of private schools available in the country. Employment Currently in Bahrain the number of people employed starting from the age of 15 onwards is 716,473, Of which 527,749 are Non-Bahraini making up over 73% of the working population, and 188,724 Bahraini’s who make up the rest of the approximately 26% of the working population. The total male working population is 566,350 of which only 128,625 are Bahraini, which is approximately 22.7% of the male working population. Whereas the other 77.3% are Non-Bahraini standing at 437,725 men. As for the female working population, they make up a total of 150,123 women in the population’s workforce, the Bahraini females stand at 60,099 making up approximately 40% of the female working population in the country. And the Non-Bahraini female working population stands at 90,024, approximately 60% of the female working population. Healthcare Healthcare in Bahrain, like education, is free to the public; there is medical complex that is run by the Ministry of Health, as well as, health clinics in every municipality within the country that operate as free of charge for the general public, this of course excludes the private clinics and hospitals spread across the country. For the sake of this paper, I’ll be looking at the number of people who visited diabetic clinics run by the Ministry of Health. In the year 2008, the amount of people that visited the diabetic clinics were a total of 25,118 people. Of which, first time visitors accounted for 3,132 people, approximately 12.4% of the total visitors. The amount of revisits made up approximately 87.5%. The Bahraini nationals that revisited these clinics made up 72.5% of the total visits, and the number of female re-visitors overtook the males (Female revisits: 11,152. Male revisits: 7,069). In 2009, the total number of visits to diabetic clinics increased slightly from 25,118 visits in the previous year, to 26,065 visits. The number of first time visits slightly increased from the last year. The increase can be witnessed mainly for the Bahraini Females. The number of revisits also increased for both genders of Bahrainis. In 2010 there was an increase of total visits of approximately 27%. The number of visits was at 33,076. The trend of first time visits kept increasing in a steady pace. There was a spike witnessed in the number of visits. The number of male Bahraini’s increased by approximately 31% from the previous year, female Bahraini’s revisits increased by approximately 24%, Non-Bahraini males increased by approximately 1%, and female non-Bahraini revisits shot up by approximately 39%. In 2011, the increase witnessed a similar jump in visits to diabetic clinics, though, the number of first time visits had increased more than the other years. Male Bahraini’s increased in visits from 1,386 in 2010 to 1,834 in 2011. Female Bahraini first visits retained their upward trend from the previous year, the increase was from 2,113 to 2,430 visitors. Revisits kept following its continuous growth especially for male non-Bahraini revisit patients. Bahraini revisits saw a jump from 9,870 in 2010 to 11,028 in 2011. Female Bahraini visits increased from 14,242 in the previous year to 15,903 revisit patients in 2011. A huge jump was witnessed in male non-Bahraini revisit patients, where as the number of revisits in 2010 was 2,699 it soared up to 4,310 revisits in 2011. The number of female non-Bahraini revisits increased from 1,445 in 2010 to 1,654 revisit patients in the year 2011. In the year 2012, the number of people visiting the diabetic clinics further increased. Male Bahraini first time visits increased from 1,834 in 2011 to 2,898 in 2012. Female Bahraini first time visits witnessed a leap from 2,430 in 2011 to 3,699. Non-Bahraini males first time visits decreased from 1,207 in 2011 to 1,010 in 2012. Female non-Bahraini first time visits increased from 448 in 2011 to 609 in 2012. Bahraini male revisit patients continued with their increasing trend which displayed a rise from 11,028 revisits in 2011 to 12,209. Female Bahraini revisits further increased from 15,903 revisits in 2011 to 17,045 in 2012. Revisits from non-Bahraini males decreased from its peak of 4,310 revisit patients in 2011 to 3,411 in 2012. Non-Bahraini female revisits on the other hand, had increased from 1,654 in 2011 to 2,021 revisits in 2012. So over the 5 year period, the amount of total visits to diabetic clinics increased by approximately 70.8%. Revisits accounted for approximately 80.9% of the visits in 2012. Overweight vs. Obesity Both overweight and obese are labels for ranges of weight that are greater than what is considered healthy for a given height. The terms also identify ranges of weight that have been shown to increase the likelihood of certain diseases and other health problems. So in order to find differentiate between being overweight and being obese, the use of body mass index (BMI) has been adopted. The dimensions followed are the following: Adults that have a BMI of between 25 to 29.9 are considered overweight Adults who have a BMI of 30 or anything that exceeds it are considered to be obese. Recommendations The workplace should take care of their employees, so in order to prevent obesity, employers can adopt these recommendations: Organizing conferences, and workshops on obesity and physical activity. Conducting educational programs through the workplace that emphasize the hazards of obesity and the advantages of living healthy. Providing healthy and low energy density foods in the workplace cafeteria Carrying out training courses in management of obesity. Establishing the Arab Taskforce for Obesity and Physical Activity The Arab world lacks a Taskforce that is dedicated to fend against obesity and the promotion of physical activity, although other regional taskforces for this very task already exist. The main activities this taskforce should execute are as follows: Increasing the awareness in Arab countries on the prevention, causes, and treatment of obesity. Encouraging physical activity in various age groups of the Arab population. Working as an official body to review and provide sound and reliable information on obesity and physical activity in Arab countries. Providing technical assistance related to the management of obesity for governmental and non-governmental institutions in the Arab region. Carrying out research and studies on obesity and physical activity, as well as training courses in the management of obesity. Recommendations for the Media There is an apparent lack in terms of health and nutrition awareness in regards to obesity and how to manage it in the region, and the media have participated in spreading inaccurate beliefs in regards to obesity. So it is recommended to do the following: First and foremost, the mass media should provide sound and reliable information on the treatment of obesity. Preparation of programs to educate the public on causes, prevention and management of obesity. Such programs should deliver the following material: a. Healthy diet for various age groups and sex. b. Physical activity according to age, sex and health status of the individuals. c. Advice for better selection of exercise equipment. d. Advantages and disadvantages of various methods of treating obesity. e. Correction of unsound beliefs and attitudes related to obesity and physical activity. Recommendations for People Engaged in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity This would include general practitioners, nutritionists, dietitians, exercise specialists, nurses, physical education teachers and other health care providers. These people need to prioritize doing the following: 1. It is necessary to at the very least note down the weight and height of patients or individuals who seek health treatment or who are involved in exercise, to assess their weight status. 2. It is important to provide the patients or obese subjects sound health and nutrition information on obesity. The information provided must be reliable. 3. To provide sufficient treatment of obesity, healthcare providers should have adequate understanding of the physiological, social and psychological bases of obesity. 4. Patients or obese subjects should be provided adequate information on physical activity or exercise, taking into consideration their health condition, traditions and culture. Recommendations for Governmental Institutes Governmental institutes hold a great amount of responsibility to alter the environmental factors that are associated with obesity. These changes can come to pass by introducing regulations, activities, and programs that can aid the reduction of obesity and the encouragement of physical activities in the community. In order for this to succeed, policy makers must be convinced of the importance of the issue as well as how dire it is. There is a need for regulations and legislation for the special institutes that work in the treatment of obesity, such as beauty centers, slimming clubs, hospitals, pharmacies, private clinics and shops provided slimming drugs, foods and exercise equipment. It was found that many of these institutes do not deal with treatment of obesity in a proper way. There should be health control on prescription drugs and equipment sold for overcoming obesity. The mass media needs to censor false advertising of drugs and equipment etc that claim to help with obesity reduction. But they should also strive to review the legitimacy of these companies claims as to not reach a level of media control. Governmental institutes should consider all possible endeavors to provide locations and facilities for practicing physical activity and exercise, considering and not neglecting the traditions and culture of the society in each country. Additional and up-to-date training courses for people engaged in the prevention and treatment of obesity should be provided. Introduction of reliable information on dietary management and physical activity to prevent and control obesity should be introduced in both the schools and universitys curriculum. It is preferable that a committee consists of specialized people from universities, the ministries of health and other related sectors to review and acknowledge the legitimacy of the information provided. Physical activity in schools should be encouraged through physical education classes and training of physical education teachers. Once the awareness of obesity increases, the results should follow soon after. A major issue is the lack of awareness, do to that fact, people continue destroying themselves, so unless something is done about the awareness of the community, not much can be accomplished. References http://www.cio.gov.bh/cio_eng/English/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract/ABS2011/Ch2/3.pdf http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS/countries/BH?display=graph http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GB.ZS/countries/BH?display=graph http://www.moe.gov.bh/archive/statistics/2013/1.pdf http://www.cio.gov.bh/cio_ara/English//Publications/Statistical%20Abstract/ABS2013/Ch11/1.pdf http://www.cio.gov.bh/cio_ara/English/Publications/Statistical Abstract/ABS2012/Ch7/6.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html http://acnut.com/v/images/stories/pdf/overweight_and_obesity_in_arab_countries.pdf

Tinkering With Destiny :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community is a group of people living or working together. The people who share the community should be united as one and work together to make their surroundings a better place. In reality, most communities strive for unity and try to have a commonground of understanding, but that rarely happens. To me it seems that a lot of communities have conflicts and do not try to do what is best for the community, because everyone wants to be in control. A lot of people are only thinking about themselves and don't want to help others. People also feel that they can not make a difference because they are only one person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So, what is best for a community? In my opinion a community should uphold their responsibilities to one another. A community should make the best of any situation and try to complete their goals. A community should reflect on what hasn't worked for them in the past and try to work on the ideal solution for the future. A community must have respect for one another and appreciate one another for their differences. It is important to notice that there are differences between people, but it's also important to accept those differences. A community should be aware of everyone's talents and creativities, and each of these aspects should be used to its fullest abilities. A community must be a strong and structured source that everyone can rely on in the time of need. A community should allow you to feel like family and friends surround you, and know that you can depend on them at any time. A community can give people the sense of belonging, that they are apart of somethi ng. It allows people to feel that they are needed, and their services will be useful. A community should enhance the feeling of security, unity, and peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you are servicing to others, it makes you feel that you are needed and wanted. You have feel like someone is depending on you. Which makes you want to strive harder and do your best. When you are doing your best and putting your all into it, then that is what makes you feel that you are doing the duties of a community. If you are able to make a difference in just one person's life you have touched the community in a different way. When you work your hardest and giving it your all, then I feel that you are a member of a community.

Coke Financial Structure

[pic] Andrea R. Hart GB550: Financial Management August 24, 2011 The Abstract The topic of this research paper will be about the capital structure of Coca Cola, This paper serves as a comparison of debt and equity. It will help determine the true value of the company while also determining what their free cash flow is and the risk level for the organization. The question that this research will try to answer is if the 125 year old company is financially ready for another 125 years. The company needs to remain liquid and keep its operating costs low during times of inflation.The methodology that will be used will be multiple financial ratios to determine how the organization is operating and compare to times of exponential increases in profits. My expected findings will be that Coca Cola will have a minimal amount of free cash flow. There would be enough to remain liquid but also to remain flexible in starting new product lines or new investments. Coca Cola already operates in over 20 0 countries and should seek to expand advertising efforts in recently adopted countries. I anticipate that the company has endured over 125 years of economical, political and social upheavals.Financial StatementsI hope to conclude that although there could be unpredicted unprecedented environmental events that Coca Cola will be able to continue operate. Table of Contents A preview of capital structure issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Business and financial risks related to capital structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Modigliani and Miller’s [MM] capital structure theory †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Criticisms of the MM model and assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Capital structure evidence and implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7Estimating the firm’s optimal capital structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 A preview of capital structure issues Capital structures of companies are based on the amount of debt and equity a company holds. When a company begins to increase their debt the company becomes more of a risk to investors because the compa ny now has a higher chance that it may not be able to repay its debts. Although if there is more debt an organization taxes can be reduced because the organization is able to take out what it must pay as interest to investors and holders from being taxed.The higher cost of capital translates into a lower fair value estimate, and vice versa; furthermore, seemingly small changes in cost of capital can make a significant difference in a stock's fair value (Kathman, 2002). The giant beverage maker, that’s in a fairly stable environment does not have very much debt. The company in the non-alcoholic beverage industry, Coca Cola’s cost of equity of 8. 6% when the industry average is 11. 67% and is a large influence on the WACC of 8. 4%. Although the company incurs an 8. 6 % cost on the equity the company has averaged a return on equity for the past five years of 30. %. A Company with a high weighted average cost of capital could be considered a risky company or a company in a risky industry that mainly uses equity for funding. Coca Cola’s debt to equity ratio is 23% however the total debt to equity has been on average for the past five years at 51% showing that the company uses only half debt to finance growth within the company which is accurate for a company that is not quite so capital intensive. Although the company finds itself in a well established industry, it must still make investments and use 51% of debt to finance the new growth.WACC and Free Cash Flows impact a company’s value. FCF is what would come back to a company after the investment was made to enhance the company. FCF can determine if it is worth to take on an investment. Coca Cola’s current Free Cash Flow is -546. 8 (COCA COLA CO (NYSE:KO ), 2011). Business and financial risks related to capital structure There are many factors that could play into the financial risk of Coca Cola. The company itself, affiliates, subsidiaries, licensed distributers and bottlers ar e a risk factor to Coca Cola.Bottlers generate a significant portion of Coke’s net operating revenues by selling concentrates and syrups to independent bottling partners. In 2009, approximately 79 percent of our worldwide unit case volume was produced and distributed by bottling partners in which the Company did not have a controlling interest (ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS, 2010). The company also operates internationally which is additional business and financial risk to the company. International economies and political environments become a risk to an American investor when considering purchasing securities.Some business risk of the company includes the availability in Coca Cola’s special ingredient of extracted coca leaf, the sustainment of a network that spans 200 countries, health concerns that cause a reduction in market demands. For the company to ensure that it has enough cash flows must be able to have the infrastructure to handle the large amount of demands. Being that Coca Cola is an international company it has opened its doors to many more financial risks. Risks with their international counterparts include fluctuations in foreign currency and exchange rates effecting financial results (ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS, 2010).If interest rates rise or new tax laws are set it would negatively impact net income. Increase in costsdue to shortages of supplies or materials to produce products or changes in accounting standards can all affect the risks of the company. Coca Cola monitors exposure to financial market risks using several objective measurement systems, including value-at-risk models. Value-at-risk calculations use a historical simulation model to estimate potential future losses in the fair value of our derivatives and other financial instruments that could occur as a result of adverse movements in foreign currency and interest rates (ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK, 2011). Modigliani and Miller’s [MM] capital structure theory The underlying and basic assumption of the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory is that there is no major difference if a company were to fund its operations with the use of debt or using equity. The 1958 Modigliani-Miller Theorem was initially designed to show that the corporation's capital structure decisions are not value increasing or decreasing; it has, however, become apparent that the theorem is far more general (MacMinn, 2011).The theory rests on assumptions that there are no brokers or bankruptcy costs, no taxes and that investors can borrow at the same rate as the corporations and that EBIT is not affected by the use of debt. In 1991 Miller explained that the theory any gain from using more of what might seem to be cheaper debt is offset by the higher cost of now riskier equity and given a fixed amount of total capital, the allocation of capital between debt and equity is irrelevant because the weighted average of the two costs of capita l to the firm is the same for all possible combinations of the two (Villamil, 2010).Criticisms of the MM model and assumptions The same assumptions that the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory is based on have been criticized. While the three Modigliani and Miller propositions make good sense and have become widely known there has been disagreement. Capital Structures that are designed to enhance value, the majority of the value is from the decisions that are made by financial managers. The value in the company is from the strategy that makes and it is the duty of the financial manager to make sure that the capital structure supports the strategy that the company is trying to pursue.Further, Coca Cola, initial strategy was to sell Ice cold Coca Cola’s to its customers. The company was able to successfully change its strategy to only produce the syrup, the process was able to be broken down and both are able to reap values and benefits. By leaving capital structures to be independently determined by the bottlers and distributors, the structure of Coca Cola Holland and Coca Cola Japan to be different. Other theories have been created in spite of the MM model such as the Trade-Off Theory which takes into consideration the costs of bankruptcy.Capital structure evidence and implications Because of the low debt that Coca Cola has it also carries a low rate for taxes. In the last 5 years, half of Coke’s worldwide investments include almost $20 billion dollars in capital expenditures and acquisitions in the U. S. In addition, each year, we invest over $10 billion dollars in our supply chain in the U. S. — including $208 million dollars that was spent this past year on supplies (Kent, 2010). In 2010, The Coca Cola Company acquired Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities.Coca Cola by purchasing CCE, Coke will have a $100 million net pre-tax income benefit, however after adjusting to the impact of the full value of the stand alo ne debt Coke will have acquired a $200 million interest expense reduction. However Coke stands to benefit from the overall transaction with a pre tax benefit in 2011 of an estimated $300 million (Investors Information, 2010). CCE is still set to acquire bottlers in Germany, Sweden and Norway as part of the deal. With Coke becoming a producer and now a larger owner in bottling, this has changed the capital structure of the company.Estimating the firm’s optimal capital structure During the acquisition of Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities, Coca Cola’s shares decreased while CCE increased. â€Å"With this transaction, we are converting passive capital into active capital, giving us direct control over our investment in North America to accelerate growth and drive long-term profitability Coke said, with the transactions that are expected to generate operational cost savings of approximately $350 million over four years for Coca-Cola and will add to earning s by 2012 (Gelsi & Spain, 2010).The current estimate of Coke’s cost of debt is 7% as well as the WACC. (Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Ratings, News & Analysis , 2911). If this amount were to increase it is possible that it could also increase the risk to investors. Coke’s beta has been reported at . 59 and for the non-alcoholic beverage industry is average. With their current capital structure Coke has had a steady 6% in revenue growth. The company also recently acquired CCE their debts, liabilities as well as CCE’s acquisitions which is why Coke’s shares declined by 3. % (Gelsi & Spain, 2010). These changes were brought about due to economical conditions and felt the need to take over more operations. Although this acquisition effected their shares in the short term, the company has estimated that this change will save the company almost $350 million in operational costs in four years and will begin generating income by 2012. References Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Ratings, News & Analysis . (2911). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from ValueInvesting 2. 0: http://www. wikiwealth. com/research:koCOCA COLA CO (NYSE:KO ). (2011, August). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Forbes. Com: http://finapps. forbes. com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/Ratios. jsp? tkr=KO Ehrhardt, M. C. , & Brigham, E. F. (2009). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: South-Western. Freeland, K. , Gabruk, B. , Laidlaw, K. , Levine, J. , Michaels, M. , & Schramm, G. (1998, May 4). The Beverage Industry: This One’s on the House! Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Stern NYU. Edu: http://people. stern. nyu. edu/adamodar/pdfiles/cfprojs/beverage. df Gelsi, S. , & Spain, W. (2010, Feb 25). Coca-Cola buying CCE North American bottling business. Retrieved Aug 23, 2011, from The Wall Street Journal: MarketWatch: http://www. marketwatch. com/story/coca-cola-buying-north-american-unit-of-cce-2010-02-25 Hines, J. J. (2007, March). Capital Structure w ith Risky Foreign Investment. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from Harvard Business School: http://www. people. hbs. edu/ffoley/riskycap. pdf Investors Information. (2010, Dec 14). Retrieved Aug 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company: ttp://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/modeling_2010. pdf ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. (2010). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2009/04_Coca-Cola_Item1A-1B. pdf ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. (2011). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2006/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_07a. pdf Kale, J. R. , Noe, T. H. , & Ramirez, G. G. (Dec. , 1991).The Effect of Business Risk on Corporate Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence. The Journal of Finance , 1693-1715. Kathman, D. (2002, December 20). Why Discount Rates Matter. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MorningStarNews. Com: h ttp://news. morningstar. com/articlenet/article. aspx? id=84699&_QSBPA=Y Kent, M. (2010, May 19). Enhancing our National Competitiveness. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/dynamic/leadershipviewpoints/2010/05/enhancing-our-national-competitiveness-is-not-an-option. htmlMacMinn, R. (2011). Theorems in Corporate Finance . Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MacMinn. ORG: http://macminn. org/Fin374/theorems/theorems. html The Coca Cola Company. (2011). Financial Statements. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/financial_statements. html Villamil, A. P. (2010, March 10). The Modigliani-Miller Theorem. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from Econometrics at the University of Illinois: http://www. econ. uiuc. edu/~avillami/course-files/PalgraveRev_ModiglianiMiller_

Jonathan Swift on Style - Keeping It Simple

Jonathan Swift on Style - Keeping It Simple Other writers agree: that wise guy of English prose, Jonathan Swift, knew a thing or two about good style: Swifts style is, in its line, perfect; the manner is a complete expression of the matter, the terms appropriate, and the artifice concealed. It is simplicity in the true sense of the word.(Samuel Coleridge, Lecture on Style, 1818)No better style in English prose was ever written, or can be.(William Dean Howells, Preface, Gullivers Travels, 1913)Swift, the greatest writer of English prose, and the greatest man who has ever written great English prose.  (T.S. Eliot, The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry, 1926) So when the author of Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal offers some free advice on writing, we probably ought to pay attention. Lets start with his famous definition of style as proper words in proper places. Short and sweet. But then, we might ask, whos to say whats proper? And just what does Swifts maxim really mean? To find out, lets return to the source. Swifts cryptic definition of style appears in the essay Letter to a Young Gentleman Lately Entered Into Holy Orders (1721). There he identifies clarity, directness, and freshness of expression as the chief qualities of a proper style: And truly, as they say a man is known by his company, so it should seem that a mans company may be known by his means of expressing himself, either in public assemblies or private conversations.It would be endless to run over the several defects of style among us. I shall therefore say nothing of the mean and paltry (which are usually attended by the fustian), much less of the slovenly or indecent. Two things I will just warn you against: the first is, the frequency of flat unnecessary epithets; and the other is, the folly of using old threadbare phrases, which will often make you go out of your way to find and apply them, are nauseous to rational hearers, and will seldom express your meaning as well as your own natural words.Although, as I have already observed, our English tongue is too little cultivated in this kingdom, yet the faults are, nine in ten, owing to affectation, and not to the want of understanding. When a mans thoughts are clear, the properest words will generally off er themselves first, and his own judgment will direct him in what order to place them so as they may be best understood. Where men err against this method, it is usually on purpose, and to show their learning, their oratory, their politeness, or their knowledge of the world. In short, that simplicity without which no human performance can arrive to any great perfection is nowhere more eminently useful than in this. Always think of your audience, Swift advises, and dont baffle them with obscure terms and hard words. Lawyers, surgeons, clergy, and especially academics should avoid using jargon when communicating with outsiders. I know not how it comes to pass, he says, that professors in most arts and sciences are generally the worst qualified to explain their meaning to those who are not of their tribe. One of the wittiest writers in the English language, Swift understood that his gift was rare: I cannot forbear warning you, in the most earnest manner, against endeavoring at wit in your sermons, because by the strictest computation it is very near a million to one that you have none; and because too many of your calling have consequently made themselves everlastingly ridiculous by attempting it. In other words, dont try to be a joker if you cant tell a joke. And at all times, keep it simple. Sound advice, right? But keeping it simple- putting proper words in proper places- is a lot harder than it sounds. As Sir Walter Scott once said, Swifts style seems so simple that one would think any child might write as he does, and yet if we try we find to our despair that it is impossible (quoted in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature).

Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Example

Should Same Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Legally Recognized? Abstract The issue on whether or not same-sex marriages should be legalized in the United States has been a major debate lately. Some believe this is a personal preference, which everyone is entitled to, and this should be left up to each partner as to whether or not they get married. Others believe this issue should most definitely not be legalized because they believe for it to be unconstitutional and sinful. This research will show the arguments for and against the issue and the pros and cons for each side of the debate. It will show why same-sex marriage is believed to be personal preference and, also, why some believe it is unconstitutional and sinful. This issue has caused a major uproar in the United States and hopefully our lawmakers can come to a conclusion in the near future. Introduction In the United States, marriage has always been between a man and a woman whom believe each other are their soul mate. Not only in recent years, but also in the past, some people are saying that a person of the opposite sex is not their soul mate so, eventually, they wish to marry the same sex. This has caused a major debate amongst Americans. While some people believe they should be able to marry anyone hey want, including the same sex, because they believe this is a personal preference, others completely disagree. The people who disagree do so because they believe this issue is unconstitutional and sinful. Eventually, everyone is going to have to come together and make the decision that will best suit our society. Arguments Allowing Same-Sex Marriages Those for same-sex marriages believe that same-sex couples should have the rights to the same marriage benefits and public acknowledgment enjoyed by heterosexual couples (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013). For example, if their ratter is very sick and is in the hospital they may not get to see them because hospital policies state that only your spouse and family members are allowed in the more severe rooms and parts of the facility (Knockdowns). With this nears that partners have no say so when it comes to medical care decisions, or finances for that matter. It is sad when life-long partners are deprived of certain rights in situations like this one, but, at this time, it is still against the law, in most states. Another reason same-sex partners want to marry is because it could make it easier for them to adopt and expand their family. Allowing these partners to marry may also increase the United States adoption rate (Miserly, 2011). Like heterosexual couples, nonsexual couples want Tamales too. Wendell teen may not De addle to expand their family naturally, they can adopt and take a child in and raise him or her as their own. There are plenty of children in need of being adopted and allowing homosexual couples to marry and provide these children in need a place to live and call home is a wonderful thing. However, having parents of the same sex could possibly cause some gender role confusion later on in life for the child. Miserly, 2011) Same-sex partners Just want to be able to make marry who they love and be acknowledged by society so they, too, can receive the benefits of being married. Also, they feel that they are being discriminated against and infringed upon their right to equality (Knockdowns). Since the United States is a free country, these couples believe they should be able to do whatever with their life as they see fit, even if that includes marrying someone of the same sex. Arguments Against Same-Sex Marriages Those against same-sex marriages argue that altering the traditional definition of arraign as between a man and a woman will further weaken a threatened institution and that legalizing gay marriage is a slippery slope that may lead to polygamous and interspecies marriages (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013). The marrying of these couples could weaken our family values overtime since the building blocks of our society and the thing that makes it strong is the traditional family of man, woman, and children. It is what has sustained us through two world wars, terrorist attacks, a Great Depression, and numerous other challenges over the centuries. While friends lovers come and go, your family is always there. The main reason our culture and values have started to crumble is the weakening of families. Introducing another form of family would only make the situation worse. (Messes, The idea that legalizing same-sex marriages may lead to polygamy or other types of marriages is because there is no place to stop once that issue has been crossed. Historically, the definition of marriage has rested on a bedrock of tradition, legal precedent, theology and the overwhelming support of the people. (Ten Arguments Against Same Sex Marriage) While these are drastic reasons why the same sex would not marry, they should be taken into consideration to figure out where to draw the line. Religion plays a huge role in why people believe the same sex should not marry. The Bible says that marriage is between a man and a woman and anyone who veers from this path is a sinner. Gay marriage is incompatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups. The Catholic Church, Presbyterian Church, Islam, United Methodist Church, Southern Baptist Convention, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, National Association of Evangelicals, and American Baptist Churches USA all oppose same-sex marriage. Expanding marriage to include same- sex couples may lead to churches being forced to marry couples and children being taught in school that same-sex marriage is the same as opposite-sex marriage. (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013) Implications This debate is definitely one that is going to require a lot of time and effort to come up with the right decision. Even after that there will be controversy from one side or the other. While same-sex marriages will change the traditional style of the United States it may not be a mistake to allow this. We do live in a free country where e can make our own decisions, but right now these couples are being denied their right to be united as one. On the other hand, it does go against our beliefs and what has made us the great country we are today. Either way, this is going to be a tough decision the United State government is going to have to make and hopefully they do this sooner rather than later. Recommendation One recommendation is to rewrite this part of the U. S. Constitution to say that a marriage is to be between two adults, not Just a man and a woman. Here is Joe Mesmerisms (2012) recommended example of how the new amendment should be: A marriage, as recognized by federal, state, and local governments, is defined as a union between two adults. The two adults must both be over the age of 18 and must not be immediate relatives (sibling, parent, first cousin, aunt, uncle, grandparent). Any further restrictions of the marriage are left up to the states, with any state decision applying only to the state that passes the law and any other state that recognizes a similar marriage. (Miserly, 2012) Obviously, there would have to be some adjustments made, but I think he makes a great recommendation to solve this issue. This will not fully satisfy either sides of this debate, but maybe it will help them come to some type of agreement where they will leave each other alone and not discriminate against the other. Conclusion Same-sex marriages will continue to be an ongoing debate until the government decides to do something to make the debate useless or it pleases both sides. Since both sides have very strong feelings about their beliefs I believe it will have to be the first option that puts an end to this issue. Same-sex partners believe they should be able to marry who they want since that is a right that heterosexual couples get. However, those against same-sex marriages believe this issue to be demeaning and threatening toward traditional marriages, which are between a man and a woman.

Literature review on Nurse Prescribing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Literature review on Nurse Prescribing - Essay Example he basic rationale given as to why the inclusion of nurses was limited to health visitors and district nurses was that they could be identified from the Unitd Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Visiting (UKCC) registry if they have completed further education from the time of registration (Jones 10). As of 2002, nurse prescribers number to approximately 22000 in the UK, and of this number, 300 are in Scotland (Bates 63). The main goal of nurse prescribing is to give the utmost benefit to the patients. It aims to provide more efficient and faster access to health care. The duties of nurses in relation to prescribing after undergoing training include prescribing pharmacy and general sales list medicines which are prescribed by General Practitioners, and prescribing prescription-only medicines or POMs associated with certain medical conditions. The role of the nurses in making prescribing decisions has responsibility tagged with it along with accountability. The nurses are both professionally and legally accountable wherein they have to be thoroughly knowledgeable on the products or medicines they are prescribing, when these over-the-counter products should be recommended, and when certain products should not be prescribed or recommended. The nurse’s working knowledge should be based on the circumstances of the patients including the current medications, current health status, past health or medical history, ample information and understanding of the products’ dosage, therapeutic action, interaction, and side effects, data on the alternatives to prescribing, and the frequency of use depending on the conditions (Courtenay and Butler 5). While prescribing entails more responsibility, competence and more learning aptitude for the nurses, and exposes them to more possible liabilities and patient complaints, not all medical professionals are open to the perceived benefits of nurse prescribing to the patients, doctors and the nurses

External Marketing Audit of Sara Lee Corporation Statistics Project

External Marketing Audit of Sara Lee Corporation - Statistics Project Example This paper tells that in frozen food, the company is at the top in the U.S with fair market positions in Europe and Brazil, while it is one of the largest producers of tea and coffee. In the body care section, the company holds the top position in the European bath and shower market, in the households side, they are having one of the world famous shoe polishes named Kiwi. The company is trying to settle the market of branded apparel, which includes men’s and boy’s wear, also sportswear. The thing that should be kept in mind at this stage is that the Sara Lee is making most of those products in which brand switching is common, and there are relatively very few differences between the competitor’s products and the company’s products, for example the shoe polish Kiwi is having competition with Cherry Blossom, if a consumer would go to buy Kiwi and would not find it in a shop, he would buy cherry blossom rather than going to the other shop and look for Kiwi, t he company is thus having everyone as there target audience, but it also depends on the different products they are selling, such as in foods and beverages the real market segment is those individuals who are having no family and are working and living alone, it is a big segment in the U.K and fair in U.S, in the body care section the target audience is originally women but keeping in view the prevailing demands they have also started catering men in the society, in the house hold products, the main product is shoe polish, KIWI and they were initially catering men but due to increased usage of leather shoes by women they are also targeting them, especially after the introduction of sponges, another product the company is offering is the Ambi Pur air fresheners and body sprays which they are catering men and women both, also Sanex is a product used as body care product, they are again having women as their target audience, In the apparel section their target audience is again women o f the society as they require more of comfort than men, but they have also introduced sports wear which both men and women use. So the entire target audience consists of people who are young and energetic in life. Of course every company’s mission is the profitability while providing something that sounds good to the customer, the company’s mission for customer is the product innovation and also the new product development, as their slogan suggests,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our mission is to simply delight you†¦every day†